Dorota Jarosinska, Programme Manager at the World Health Organization’s European Centre for Climate Change, Environment and Health, has issued a stark warning about the health risks posed by wildfire smoke. Southern Europe is currently facing one of the most severe wildfire seasons in years, with blazes sweeping through the region and forcing mass evacuations. These fires are not just a local issue — the smoke they produce can travel hundreds or even thousands of kilometers, affecting urban areas far from the fire's origin.
Jarosinska explained that the smoke from wildfires contains a mix of toxic pollutants and fine particles that can travel great distances. These particles are so small they can enter the bloodstream, triggering the body's immune response and leading to inflammation. She emphasized that people do not need to see flames or a visible plume of smoke to be at risk. The health dangers can reach areas where there is no obvious sign of the fire.
While healthy individuals may only experience mild symptoms like throat irritation or a runny nose, the effects can be much more severe for those with preexisting health conditions. People with asthma, chronic pulmonary disease, or heart problems are especially vulnerable, along with children and the elderly. The range of symptoms can go from mild discomfort to life-threatening complications, depending on the individual's health and exposure to the smoke.
Jarosinska stressed the need for more targeted public health advice that goes beyond general recommendations. While staying indoors and avoiding physical exertion can help reduce exposure, she called for guidance that is tailored to the most vulnerable groups. For example, using air conditioning and high-efficiency filters can be useful in limiting exposure, but these options are not available to everyone, particularly in low-income or disadvantaged communities.
Healthcare Systems Under Strain
Beyond individual suffering, the smoke is also putting a strain on healthcare systems. Jarosinska highlighted the need for healthcare professionals to be better trained to recognize and respond to the effects of poor air quality. This includes understanding the health risks and how to communicate them effectively to patients, especially those who are most at risk.
She added that governments have a responsibility to create spaces where people can access clean air and cooling, especially for those who are more disadvantaged. This includes individuals who lack healthcare access, do not understand the local language, or do not have a way to receive public health information. Jarosinska emphasized that these spaces must be available to everyone in the community, ensuring that no one is left behind during climate-related health crises.
The WHO is urging stronger measures to protect public health as climate-related disasters like wildfires become more frequent. The immediate goal, according to Jarosinska, is to strengthen the health sector by training staff and providing them with the tools to advocate for clean air and preparedness. By reinforcing the capacity of healthcare systems, authorities can better respond to the growing strain caused by these climate-related events.
Jarosinska noted that the impacts of wildfire smoke can last long after the fire is out. The fine particles and toxic chemicals released during the fires continue to pose health risks, even in areas distant from the original blaze. She stressed that public health strategies must evolve to address this ongoing threat, ensuring that vulnerable populations are protected and informed.
With climate change increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires, the need for coordinated public health responses has never been greater. Jarosinska’s call to action includes not only immediate measures to protect health but also long-term strategies to build resilience and preparedness for future climate emergencies. This includes ensuring that public health advice is accessible, inclusive, and tailored to the needs of all members of the community.
As the smoke continues to spread across southern Europe, the WHO is pushing for stronger collaboration between health authorities and policymakers. By addressing the growing health emergency posed by wildfire smoke, governments can take a critical step toward safeguarding public health in a changing climate. The message is clear: wildfire smoke is not just an environmental or economic issue — it is a true health emergency that requires immediate and sustained action.